This course aims to provide students with a solid understanding of the physicochemical and biological mechanisms that govern cellular exchanges across biological membranes. More specifically, it aims to:

• Describe the structure and composition of biological membranes, emphasizing their functional roles within the cell.
• Understand the fundamental mechanisms of cellular exchange, including simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and both passive and active transport.
• Explain the main laws governing membrane transport, notably: Fick’s Law (diffusion along a concentration gradient), the Nernst Equation (electrochemical equilibrium of ions),the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation (membrane potential with multiple ions).
• Analyze osmosis, membrane potential, and ionic equilibrium in relation to essential cellular processes.
• Introduce the main types of membrane transporters, including ion channels, passive carriers, and active pumps such as the Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase, H⁺ ATPase, and Ca²⁺ ATPase.
• Link membrane transport principles to physiological functions such as signaling, absorption, excretion, and nerve conduction.
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